I think I would do this like that :
– create a template page displaying a post just like it would be done in the loop
– on the index.php, I would query for all the IDs of the posts thanks to the loop and the_permalink() to have a table of all the posts ID
– on the index.php, I would display the posts in AJAX thanks to the template page done before, by passing it the post ID I would like to display
Is this seems to be possible for you ?