Once you have WP_Super_Cache installed and operational, you can CHMOD wp-content back to 755 (to protect your plugins folder).
You will need to modify the wp-super-cache/wp-cache.php file to remove the check to see if wp-content is writable.
Comment out lines 723-726
if ( !is_writable($dir)) {
echo "<b>Error:</b> wp-content directory (<b>$dir</b>) is not writable by the Web server.Check its permissions.";
return false;
}