I checked everything… everything! It seems problem isn’t caused by plugin but sth else… maybe WordPress?
Something (some functionality) removes slashes from the URL.
Instead of having
https://www.regle.com.pl/wp-content/gallery/galeria_polski/thumbs/thumbs_osrodek_regle_front.jpg
I get
https://www.regle.com.pl/wp-contentgallerygaleria_polskithumbsthumbs_osrodek_regle_front.jpg
Please help