The site isn’t live yet, so I can’t share that. However, the screenshot can be found here: https://snipboard.io/OZJ57C.jpg.
I did some poking around in the plugin file editor, and was able to finally find the code I needed to remove. For future reference, it can be found in woocommerce/templates/single-product/add-to-cart/variation. For me, this problem is resolved, and I hope it can help others with the same problem in the future. Thanks for your response, Joseph!
