I’m also having the same problem. I have tried every possible setting and combination of settings and I too can’t get taxes to calculate.
I’ve created a fictitious customer and given them a billing and shipping address. I then login as that customer and add an item to my cart and go to the view cart screen. It always shows tax as ZERO dollars.
My settings are the same as yours listed above except I am basing taxes on the default shipping address. I use an asterick for country and state. I have a 10.0000 percentage tax rate and I don’t compound the taxes or tax on shipping.
I seriously need to get this issue fixed or I will have to abandon woocommerce and go to another shopping cart altogether.