I would like to update the question. Although I haven’t found the solution yet, it looks like I have found at least a part of the problem.
As stated above, the disconnection of all the plugins did not provide any change in the problem. Still I’ve found something with the AMP (version 2.1.3) plugin, which was installed by WordPress itself.
By default AMP was set to the Reader Template mode, when changed to Standard Template mode there was still no change. Only after changing both the WordPress theme and the AMP theme from ‘Fever’ to ‘Twenty Sixteen’, the Elementor editor was not able to load anymore.
If I then open the Elementor editor in safe modus and preview the page, every link I try will work precisely as it should.
But this is no solution, I’ve tried to play with the AMP plugin. If I disconnect it, the page doesn’t work as supposed and especially the links are getting blocked. Also what I saw for the first time in safe modus is that the previewed page shows a black WordPress bar on top of the page, as it should.
That is a first for me, before the black bar was absent and in place of that there was an white empty space with a few clickable words under each other.
Again online I don’t find anything that can shine light on my problem and again I kindly as for the guidance from someone who knows or understands the problem.
Thank you and best regards,
-Jerry