Daanbrg:
May be this can help. I stumbled at the same problem yesterday and I tried both ways, the 5 Minute approach and the detailed installation approach on a local server just for testing purposes. Both failed.
Finally I found it was the wrong URL. The first time I started the install.php by doubleclicking it in my WIN XP system, so Firefox started with the URL “file:///C:/xampp/htdocs/wp/wp-admin/install.php”
and failed. The second time I opened the install.php within Firefox from the same path and it failed again.
The solution was to replace “file:///C:/xampp/htdocs/wp/wp-admin/install.php” with “https://localhost/wp/wp-admin/install.php”
I can only blame myself because in the detailled installation documentation you can read the correct URL “https://example.com/wp-admin/install.php” but for unexperienced users it′s not obvious to replace example.com with localhost and maybe the subfolder.
I hope this will help.