I am using the new way of building child themes and experienced that it does not work the recommended way by enqueueing it in the child them.
Than I had a look at my parent theme (Graphene) to see why it does not work the way WordPress suggests it and found this bug. In my initial post, you can find my suggested a fix for it!
Did you try to build a child theme based on Graphene by following the guide in the link you posted? Then you will notice it does not work! Have a look at the generated HTML and you will notice that CHILD/style.css
will be included twice!