I had this issue on a clients site and it took me me forever to find a solution. It seems there’s some conflict between Jetpack and Elementor. I tried disabling all plugins with zero changes on the backend. I replaced the .htaccess file, etc… I then tried uninstalling Elementor and the images populated just fine so that at least I now had a heartier breadcrumb to follow. After reinstalling Elementor I found an obscure thread on a similar issue that was solved by tweaking the jetpack plugin settings. Sure enough after turning [off] the following settings I could see all images including thumbnails.
From jetpack/writing/media
– images in full screen carousel gallery [off]
From jetpack/performance
– image performance [off]
– site accelerator[off]
– lazy loading [off]
Many people use Jetpack so I hope the compatibility issues can be worked out soon. Until then I hope you haven’t given up on this and that this work-around will be a semi-fix for you as well.