Let’s backtrack a little based on another case I dug into that was a theme issue causing the breadcrumbs to appear enabled but they actually were disabled. This caused the shortcode to not work since the feature was not actually active.
Please do the following:
1. Go to Admin > SEO > Search Appearance > Breadcrumbs
2. Is the toggle switch to enable or disable visible and is the breadcrumb feature enabled.
If the toggle switch is not shown, something (likely your theme) is conflicting with the breadcrumb setting. Repeat the steps above using a default theme with only Yoast SEO active and confirm that the breadcrumb feature is enabled. While using a default theme with the breadcrumb feature enabled, does the shortcode when added to a brand new post/page (draft status is fine) work?
This will help narrow down where the shortcode is breaking.