Plugins like Yoast create one sitemap per post type. There is then also a central index (related to the individual website). The Search Console also uses this and recognizes the files linked in it. This is part of the SitemapXML standard, which you can also read about here: https://www.sitemaps.org/index.html.
Theoretically, you can store any number of sitemaps in the GSC. I know this from other store systems that sometimes create multiple sitemaps (for pages, for products, for variants …) and have no common index for them.
In your case you have a multisite. I don’t know any multisite plugin which could span over this one sitemap as a total index. The biggest problem I see is the addressing of the index. Where should it be accessible? In the main page? What would be a main page of such a network from Google’s point of view? Couldn’t you tell the bot concretely. Multisites are often strictly separated pages.
Perhaps it would be easier for you to create the different languages not as a multisite but within a page. Most multilingual plugins do this without any problems (WPML, Polylang).