No, it’s not from some other plugin. If the self-test failed, that means the proxy/cache system is storing whichever copies of the images it gets first.
If those are WebP (and the odds favor that scenario), then non-WebP browsers will have broken images. If it were a non-WebP browser that visited a page first, then no WebP images would be delivered until the cache expires–and then whatever browser visits first, those images are stuck in the cache and will not be varied.
In your case, the cache has WebP images stuck in cache, and Google correctly sees those. But anyone who visits your site with an older browser (typically 1 in 20 visitors) will get broken images.