So, I guess what I would try then is to just skip Polylang and modify the read more text directly using a filter. Here’s (untested) code that should work for you, but I do not know how Polylang sets up the language feeds, so the original conditional is just a guess on my part. Everything after that, though, should apply.
add_filter( 'send_images_rss_excerpt_read_more', 'prefix_german_read_more', 10, 5 );
/**
* Change the Send Images to RSS read more text for excerpts in the German feed.
* @param $output
* @param $read_more
* @param $blog_name
* @param $post_name
* @param $permalink
*
* @return string
*/
function prefix_german_read_more( $output, $read_more, $blog_name, $post_name, $permalink ) {
/**
* no idea what your conditional would need to be here,
* but there should be a way to target the German feed separately
* from the English (or other) feed.
*
*/
if ( ! is_feed( 'de' ) ) {
return $output;
}
$output = sprintf( '<a href="%s">Mehr zu %s bei %s</a>', esc_url( $permalink ), esc_html( $post_name ), esc_html( $blog_name ) );
return $output;
}
Good luck!