Preview Text and Image

Hello,

I have been searching for write up but haven’t had much luck finding one regarding a few things. I have been working on a custom theme and would like to do a few things. I am trying to make the blog layout similar to This blog.

I am specifically wondering how to have different size images on the blog page and a full size on the post, as well as only a preview of text on the blog page.

Finally, what are some key words to that you would go after in hopes of learning more about their two column layout.

Thanks in advance!