This can be worked around, but the workaround is on the much-work side.
First, you need to add Polylang translations to the actual Media Library entries you want to be able to display in a Foo Gallery in other languages than default. Don’t bother doing it with the bare-bones Media Library; you wil lose hours. Instead install the excellent and free Media Library Assistant plugin (no affiliation, I’m just a happy user), and it will provide an alternative media listing with a Translate bulk action. Heed the warning not to upload new media through MLA when Polylang is in All Languages mode!
Once you are done translating media, then for each collection of images you want to display as a Foo Gallery you must create a separate Foo Gallery instance for each relevant language. Then to each gallery you add attachments in the correct language. The last step is to use the right gallery on the right translation of the page.
For example if you want to make a gallery of early 20th century poscards from Zache?mie, Poland (then Saalberg, Germany), and you want to show it both on the English page and on the German page, then you need to add German translations to all the postcards attachments. Then you create a Foo gallery titled “Zache?mie in Old Postcards”, populate it with English attachments and insert it on the English page, and then you must also create a Foo gallery titled “Saalberg am alten Ansichtskarten”, populate it with the corresponding German attachments and insert it on the German page.
Phew!