Paginate breaks the page

I am having issues when paginating a shortcode. When I do something like:
[products category="home" columns=4 orderby="popularity"]
or
[product_category category="home"]

it works well, but only shows N items. If, now I add paginate with
[products category="home" columns=4 paginate=true orderby="popularity"]
or
[product_category category="home" paginate=true]
the page goes haywire and enters in a loop that outputs the main image and the N items… a few hundred times until the page breaks.

The page works well with Twenty Twenty. Another thing that grabs my attention is that it looks fine in the Elementor editor.

What can be triggering such an error?