phpMyAdmin will not solve your problem; that is an application to manage databases.
You are looking for your old database. That would have been stored in your old XAMPP installation wherever it installed MySQL. Usually it will be a directory named mysql, and that directory will contain directories named bin and data (possibly among others). If you find it, look in the data directory for a directory with the same name as your old database. Let’s call it old_db. Now look in that directory. If you see any files with the extension .ibd, that database is gone forever. If there are no .ibd files, then there is hope, and read the next paragraph.
Now go to your current XAMPP installation and repeat the process to locate the MySQL data directory. Once you find it, copy the old_db directory from your old XAMPP installation to the data firectory in your new XAMPP installation. If you are a very lucky person, that database should show up without errors in your new phpMyAdmin.
The reason those .ibd files are a problem is that it means you are using InnoDB tables. Under normal circumstances, InnoDB is great. But they have a few drawbacks, the most serious being that all data is lost forever if the InnoDB ibdata file becomes invalid (which happens when you re-install XAMPP).
In my opinion, every localhost installation (XAMPP, MAMP, WAMP, whatever) should have the following line in their MySQL configuration file:
default-storage-engine=MyISAM
This will tell MySQL to not use InnoDB to create new tables unless InnoDB is specifically requested. MyISAM tables are slower than InnoDB, but they can be recovered if the localhost application must be re-installed.