Navigation links

Hmm… I’m not familiar with that way of inserting the navigation, personally. I usually do something like this:

<div class="navigation">
    <div class="alignleft"><?php previous_posts_link('&laquo; Prev Page') ?></div>
    <div class="alignright"><?php next_posts_link('Next Page &raquo;') ?></div>
</div>

I tried this way also, but faced the same issue.
Do you know which page WP renders when it shows blog/page/2? Because it seems it is not index.php anymore.

On every site I’ve ever set up, it’s still index.php. Are you using a custom built theme, or one I could download and check out?

It is a custom built theme, but here is how it is my index.php page:

?<?php get_header();?>
<script type="text/javascript">
	$(function(){
		$(".home").removeClass("home").addClass("homeAtivo");
	});
</script>
<!-- index.php -->
<div class="areaPost">
	<?php if(have_posts()) : ?><?php while(have_posts()) : the_post(); ?>
		<div class="postBlog">
			<!-- come?a um post -->
			<div class="espTituloPost">
				<a href="<?php the_permalink();?>" title="<?php the_title(); ?>" class="TituloPost"><?php the_title();?></a>
			</div> <!--.espTituloPost -->

			<div class="infoPost">
				<span class="dataPost"><?php the_date(); ?></span> |
				<!--<a href="" class="comentariosPost">10 comentários</a>-->
				<?php comments_popup_link('Sem coment&aacute;rios', '1 coment&aacute;rio', '% coment&aacute;rios;', 'comentariosPost'); ?>
			</div> <!--.infoPost -->

			<?php the_content();?>

			<div class="areaTags">
			<!--tags: <a href="" class="tagsPost">nome_tag</a>, <a href="" class="tagsPost">nome_tag</a>, <a href="" class="tagsPost">nome_tag</a>-->
			<?php the_tags('tags: ', ',', ''); ?>
			</div> <!--.areaTags -->

			<!-- termina um post -->
		</div>
	<?php endwhile; ?>
			<div class="areaPaginacao">
	                <?php previous_posts_link('&laquo; Prev Page') ?>
			<?php next_posts_link('Next Page &raquo;') ?>
                    </div> <!--areaPaginacao -->
	<?php endif; ?>
</div> <!--.areaPost -->

<?php get_sidebar(); ?>

<?php get_footer();?>

Upon initial glance, everything looks correct. Do you have a link to the functioning website?

Yes I do.
https://blogedesign.com.br/site/

I don’t know if you noticed, but I have comment at the beginning of index.php:
<!– index.php –>

At the home page, this comment appears, if I click Next Page, it doesn’t.

At this point, I would do a brute force test to determine which template file it’s using, since it doesn’t seem to be using index.php when it’s on other files.

For each file…

1. Add .bkp to the end of the file name
2. Refresh your page two to see if the pagination links appear
3. Remove .bkp from the end of the file name

Do that until you know which file it is.