Links being stripped from RSS Feed?

Okay I completely give up. Been trying to figure out what on earth is going on with my RSS feed for the past couple of days but I’ve only managed to go around in circles…

You can find the problem feed’s URL here.

I’m showing full feed. Nothing has changed. Still post exactly the same way. Everything’s been running smoothly for like 8 months. Haven’t added any new plugins in about 5 months.

For some reason unknown to me, about 5-6 days ago, the feed just stopped dealing with links properly.

Basically it’ll show this:

<div class="thelink"><a href=" rel="external nofollow">10 Hidden Prepper Storage Solutions</a></div>
<div class="thebreak"></div>
<div class="thelink"><a href=" with the Remaining “Alone” Contestants</a></div>
<div class="thebreak"></div>

When I post this:

<div class="thebreak"></div>
<div class="thelink"><a href="https://urbansurvivalsite.com/10-hidden-prepper-storage-solutions/" rel="external nofollow">10 Hidden Prepper Storage Solutions</a></div>
<div class="thebreak"></div>
<div class="thelink"><a href="https://morethanjustsurviving.com/alone-season-1-interview/" rel="external nofollow">Interview with the Remaining “Alone” Contestants</a></div>
<div class="thebreak"></div>

So the feed is pretty much cutting off once the https:// starts in every instance. It only hiccups when there’s a link – otherwise the feed’s working beautifully. And the Yoast footer added onto the RSS at the end of ever post – those links work just like before. The only issue is that the links from within the post seem to be being stripped. I’m so confused and have no idea what to do. Tried disabling plugins, tried re-installing the core. Searched around for thousands of hours to no avail – nothing to show for it.

Any help appreciated!