I sympathize with your reluctance to embrace React. I’m right there with you. It’s certainly used for block development, but the taxonomy terms checklists remain implemented as meta boxes, defined in PHP. React has nothing to do with them.
Something strange is going on though. I don’t understand it either. The form is submitting term IDs for any checked terms, but I don’t see how the form knows what IDs to send.
If your goal is that certain terms always or never be checked by certain users, altering the state by script isn’t very effective since users can change the state after the script runs. In such a case it’d be better to enforce this server side in PHP.