Help with inserting code

Hello.
Please help me with inserting PHP code.
I want soon to migrate from localhost to my server, and im afraid i will have to change every img and href source manually after i move my site from localhost.
I want to insert in actual html code:

<img src="https://localhost/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2015/07
/ppoz.jpg"/>   <-- something like PHP path to attachement

short code: https://localhost/wordpress/?p=81
(i copied and paste this path manually...)

and here:
 <a href="https://localhost/wordpress/sprzet-ppoz/">
Zobacz wi?cej</a> <- and here PHP path to page with id,

shortcode: https://localhost/wordpress/?p=53

i was trying with:
$actual_link = "https://$_SERVER[HTTP_HOST]$_SERVER[REQUEST_URI]?p=53";>

but dont know how to get it with it

here are some helpfull screenshoots:
https://postimg.org/image/7nazdmwwr/