Hi there,
I just updated the Yoast plugin and the option is still there. Go to Settings->Reading and see what frontpage displays option you have. If you have it set to “Your latest posts” then the option will appear in Title & Metas-> Homepage, for the featured image you need to set it in Social and enable open graph.
If you have it set to “A static page” then on the page which you have set for your front page, you need to add your description and featured image in the Yoast settings, the featured image when sharing will automatically be what you set as the featured image in the post.