Hello Elmari,
I’m sorry to learn that the WordPress featured image tab is missing. Can you please try the following:
1. If you’re using a caching plugin, purge the site cache; you may also consider clearing the server cache too
2. Does this happen if you try from a different browser, especially Mozilla Firefox
3. Does the issue occur if you switch to a default WordPress theme such as Twenty Twenty?
Often, we see problems occur in combination with another plugin or theme. The fastest way to rule out any conflict is to deactivate all non-Yoast plugins and switch to a standard theme like Twenty Twenty.
Please test this on your development or staging site if you have one. If not, we recommend using the Health Check & Troubleshooting plugin. This plugin has a troubleshooting mode, which does not affect normal visitors to your site.
If you’re unfamiliar with checking for conflicts, we’d like to point you to a step-by-step guide that will walk you through the process: How to check for plugin conflicts
If you feel uncomfortable doing this yourself or if this does not solve your issue, our Yoast SEO Premium plugin comes with one year of (technical) support.