Knowing how many times a theme has been downloaded is one thing. Knowing if it has been altered on any one of a 1000 sites is another thing entirely. One of my themes on WPORG has been downloaded over 67,000 times. Personally, I really have neither the time nor the inclination to start checking out all of those sites.
As for backlinks, quirm.net about 18 themes currently available plus a number of plugins – one of which has had over 100K downloads alone – all of which are released with credit links and all of which allow the site owner to remove those links. Quantifying how many of those downloads result in live backlinks would be a huge job and, as I said before, why bother? The SEO juice is likely to be minimal given that each of these approx 250K sites will have content that is totally unrelated to quirm.net.
If you’re creating themes just to get backlinks, I wouldn’t bother. especially if you also intend to support those themes properly. The return in backlinks doesn’t come close to covering the outlay in work,