You could try filtering get_permalink()
in your theme’s functions.php:
// Retain query string for share buttons on posts and pages
add_filter( 'post_link', 'custom_retain_query_string' );
add_filter( 'page_link', 'custom_retain_query_string' );
function custom_retain_query_string( $permalink ) {
$current_url = home_url( add_query_arg( null, null ) );
$current_url_parts = explode( '?', $current_url );
if ( strtolower( $current_url_parts[0] ) === strtolower( $permalink ) ) {
return $current_url;
}
return $permalink;
}
That will include the query string in the current URL if you’re viewing the post itself when you click the share buttons.
Note that this could affect the share counts, though. Some social networks such as Google Plus see the URL with the query string as a different URL to the plain one, so by doing this you’re likely to reduce overall share counts.