Ultimately, the problem lies in the theme, the trace log you provided is pretty clear. Now if that trace log is different than all the rest, maybe we have a different issue, but I’m just going off the info you provided.
So let me break this down a bit further:
The problematic code starts in the filter_image_downsize() function/method, which is in /is/htdocs/wp1111111_ABCDEFGH/www.abcdefghijkl.de/htdocs/wp-content/themes/exampleblog-v1_04/include/plugin/filosofo-image/filosofo-custom-image-sizes.php
On line 97, it calls generate_attachment(), which is located in /is/htdocs/wp1111111_ABCDEFGH/www.abcdefghijkl.de/htdocs/wp-content/themes/exampleblog-v1_04/include/plugin/filosofo-image/filosofo-custom-image-sizes.php
On line 157 of THAT file, it hands things off to the save() method of the WP_Image_Editor_Imagick class, so the “trouble” is before that, and in one of those two files.
If you’re able to debug it and nail down what is going on, great! If not, you may need a developer to fix the glitch in the theme.
If the file didn’t change, EWWW IO wouldn’t re-optimize it, but somewhere in there, the existing, optimized version of those images is being overwritten, and from the trace log, the theme is where the glitch lives.