Front Page Different Colored Posts

In Dashboard > Appearance > Customize > Pages and Posts Layout you may select excerpts or full content for post lists. If you want full content, select it. If you want to have more control over what’s displayed in the lists, select excerpts and manually set excerpt for each of the posts (in each post’s edit screen).

Notice that if your excerpt is set manually it will ignore the character limit (that only applies for auto generated excerpts).

I don’t have the exerpt options in the customize post and pages are of the customizr theme. What should I do now?

It’s because the link post and the aside post are leaving space for the featured image, while a status post is not.